go-blockchain/crypto/bridge.cpp

// SPDX-Licence-Identifier: EUPL-1.2
// Thin C wrappers around CryptoNote C++ crypto library.
// This is the implementation of bridge.h.

#include "bridge.h"

#include <cstring>
#include <vector>
#include "crypto.h"
#include "crypto-sugar.h"
#include "crypto-ops.h"
#include "clsag.h"
#include "hash-ops.h"
#include "range_proofs.h"
#include "range_proof_bpp.h"
#include "range_proof_bppe.h"
#include "one_out_of_many_proofs.h"
#include "zarcanum.h"
#include "randomx.h"

// ── Wire-format varint decoder (LEB128, matches Go wire.DecodeVarint) ──
namespace {

// Reads a varint from buf at *offset, advances *offset past the varint.
// Returns false if the buffer is too short or the varint is malformed.
bool read_varint(const uint8_t *buf, size_t buf_len, size_t *offset, uint64_t *out) {
    uint64_t val = 0;
    unsigned shift = 0;
    while (*offset < buf_len) {
        uint8_t b = buf[*offset];
        (*offset)++;
        val |= (uint64_t)(b & 0x7F) << shift;
        if ((b & 0x80) == 0) {
            *out = val;
            return true;
        }
        shift += 7;
        if (shift >= 63) return false; // overflow
    }
    return false;
}

// Reads count * 32-byte blobs into a vector of public_keys.
bool read_pubkey_vec(const uint8_t *buf, size_t buf_len, size_t *offset,
                     std::vector<crypto::public_key> &out) {
    uint64_t count;
    if (!read_varint(buf, buf_len, offset, &count)) return false;
    if (count > 10000) return false; // sanity
    if (*offset + count * 32 > buf_len) return false;
    out.resize(count);
    for (uint64_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        memcpy(&out[i], buf + *offset, 32);
        *offset += 32;
    }
    return true;
}

// Reads count * 32-byte blobs into a vector of scalar_t.
bool read_scalar_vec(const uint8_t *buf, size_t buf_len, size_t *offset,
                     crypto::scalar_vec_t &out) {
    uint64_t count;
    if (!read_varint(buf, buf_len, offset, &count)) return false;
    if (count > 10000) return false;
    if (*offset + count * 32 > buf_len) return false;
    out.resize(count);
    for (uint64_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        memcpy(out[i].m_s, buf + *offset, 32);
        *offset += 32;
    }
    return true;
}

// Reads a single 32-byte public_key blob.
bool read_pubkey(const uint8_t *buf, size_t buf_len, size_t *offset,
                 crypto::public_key &out) {
    if (*offset + 32 > buf_len) return false;
    memcpy(&out, buf + *offset, 32);
    *offset += 32;
    return true;
}

// Reads a single 32-byte scalar_t blob.
bool read_scalar(const uint8_t *buf, size_t buf_len, size_t *offset,
                 crypto::scalar_t &out) {
    if (*offset + 32 > buf_len) return false;
    memcpy(out.m_s, buf + *offset, 32);
    *offset += 32;
    return true;
}

// Deserialise a bpp_signature from wire bytes (Bulletproofs++, 1 delta).
// Layout: varint(len(L)) + L[]*32 + varint(len(R)) + R[]*32
//         + A0(32) + A(32) + B(32) + r(32) + s(32) + delta(32)
bool deserialise_bpp(const uint8_t *buf, size_t len, crypto::bpp_signature &sig) {
    size_t off = 0;
    if (!read_pubkey_vec(buf, len, &off, sig.L)) return false;
    if (!read_pubkey_vec(buf, len, &off, sig.R)) return false;
    if (!read_pubkey(buf, len, &off, sig.A0))    return false;
    if (!read_pubkey(buf, len, &off, sig.A))     return false;
    if (!read_pubkey(buf, len, &off, sig.B))     return false;
    if (!read_scalar(buf, len, &off, sig.r))     return false;
    if (!read_scalar(buf, len, &off, sig.s))     return false;
    if (!read_scalar(buf, len, &off, sig.delta))  return false;
    return off == len; // must consume all bytes
}

bool read_bppe_at(const uint8_t *buf, size_t len, size_t *offset,
                  crypto::bppe_signature &sig) {
    if (!read_pubkey_vec(buf, len, offset, sig.L)) return false;
    if (!read_pubkey_vec(buf, len, offset, sig.R)) return false;
    if (!read_pubkey(buf, len, offset, sig.A0))    return false;
    if (!read_pubkey(buf, len, offset, sig.A))     return false;
    if (!read_pubkey(buf, len, offset, sig.B))     return false;
    if (!read_scalar(buf, len, offset, sig.r))     return false;
    if (!read_scalar(buf, len, offset, sig.s))     return false;
    if (!read_scalar(buf, len, offset, sig.delta_1)) return false;
    if (!read_scalar(buf, len, offset, sig.delta_2)) return false;
    return true;
}

// Deserialise a bppe_signature from wire bytes (Bulletproofs++ Enhanced, 2 deltas).
// Layout: varint(len(L)) + L[]*32 + varint(len(R)) + R[]*32
//         + A0(32) + A(32) + B(32) + r(32) + s(32) + delta_1(32) + delta_2(32)
bool deserialise_bppe(const uint8_t *buf, size_t len, crypto::bppe_signature &sig) {
    size_t off = 0;
    if (!read_bppe_at(buf, len, &off, sig)) return false;
    return off == len; // must consume all bytes
}

bool read_bge_at(const uint8_t *buf, size_t len, size_t *offset,
                 crypto::BGE_proof &proof) {
    if (!read_pubkey(buf, len, offset, proof.A))  return false;
    if (!read_pubkey(buf, len, offset, proof.B))  return false;
    if (!read_pubkey_vec(buf, len, offset, proof.Pk)) return false;
    if (!read_scalar_vec(buf, len, offset, proof.f))  return false;
    if (!read_scalar(buf, len, offset, proof.y))  return false;
    if (!read_scalar(buf, len, offset, proof.z))  return false;
    return true;
}

// Deserialise a BGE_proof from wire bytes.
// Layout: A(32) + B(32) + varint(len(Pk)) + Pk[]*32
//         + varint(len(f)) + f[]*32 + y(32) + z(32)
bool deserialise_bge(const uint8_t *buf, size_t len, crypto::BGE_proof &proof) {
    size_t off = 0;
    if (!read_bge_at(buf, len, &off, proof)) return false;
    return off == len;
}

bool read_clsag_ggxxg_at(const uint8_t *buf, size_t len, size_t *offset,
                         crypto::CLSAG_GGXXG_signature &sig) {
    if (!read_scalar(buf, len, offset, sig.c)) return false;
    if (!read_scalar_vec(buf, len, offset, sig.r_g)) return false;
    if (!read_scalar_vec(buf, len, offset, sig.r_x)) return false;
    if (!read_pubkey(buf, len, offset, sig.K1)) return false;
    if (!read_pubkey(buf, len, offset, sig.K2)) return false;
    if (!read_pubkey(buf, len, offset, sig.K3)) return false;
    if (!read_pubkey(buf, len, offset, sig.K4)) return false;
    return true;
}

bool deserialise_zarcanum(const uint8_t *buf, size_t len,
                          crypto::zarcanum_proof &proof) {
    size_t off = 0;
    if (!read_scalar(buf, len, &off, proof.d)) return false;
    if (!read_pubkey(buf, len, &off, proof.C)) return false;
    if (!read_pubkey(buf, len, &off, proof.C_prime)) return false;
    if (!read_pubkey(buf, len, &off, proof.E)) return false;
    if (!read_scalar(buf, len, &off, proof.c)) return false;
    if (!read_scalar(buf, len, &off, proof.y0)) return false;
    if (!read_scalar(buf, len, &off, proof.y1)) return false;
    if (!read_scalar(buf, len, &off, proof.y2)) return false;
    if (!read_scalar(buf, len, &off, proof.y3)) return false;
    if (!read_scalar(buf, len, &off, proof.y4)) return false;
    if (!read_bppe_at(buf, len, &off, proof.E_range_proof)) return false;
    if (!read_pubkey(buf, len, &off, proof.pseudo_out_amount_commitment)) return false;
    if (!read_clsag_ggxxg_at(buf, len, &off, proof.clsag_ggxxg)) return false;
    return off == len;
}

bool deserialise_double_schnorr(const uint8_t *buf, size_t len,
                                crypto::generic_double_schnorr_sig &sig) {
    if (buf == nullptr || len != 96) {
        return false;
    }
    memcpy(sig.c.m_s, buf, 32);
    memcpy(sig.y0.m_s, buf + 32, 32);
    memcpy(sig.y1.m_s, buf + 64, 32);
    return true;
}

} // anonymous namespace

extern "C" {

void bridge_fast_hash(const uint8_t *data, size_t len, uint8_t hash[32]) {
    crypto::cn_fast_hash(data, len, reinterpret_cast<char*>(hash));
}

// ── Scalar Operations ────────────────────────────────────

void cn_sc_reduce32(uint8_t key[32]) {
    crypto::sc_reduce32(key);
}

int cn_generate_keys(uint8_t pub[32], uint8_t sec[32]) {
    crypto::public_key pk;
    crypto::secret_key sk;
    crypto::generate_keys(pk, sk);
    memcpy(pub, &pk, 32);
    memcpy(sec, &sk, 32);
    return 0;
}

int cn_secret_to_public(const uint8_t sec[32], uint8_t pub[32]) {
    crypto::secret_key sk;
    crypto::public_key pk;
    memcpy(&sk, sec, 32);
    bool ok = crypto::secret_key_to_public_key(sk, pk);
    if (!ok) return 1;
    memcpy(pub, &pk, 32);
    return 0;
}

int cn_check_key(const uint8_t pub[32]) {
    crypto::public_key pk;
    memcpy(&pk, pub, 32);
    return crypto::check_key(pk) ? 0 : 1;
}

// ── Key Derivation ────────────────────────────────────────

int cn_generate_key_derivation(const uint8_t pub[32], const uint8_t sec[32],
                               uint8_t derivation[32]) {
    crypto::public_key pk;
    crypto::secret_key sk;
    crypto::key_derivation kd;
    memcpy(&pk, pub, 32);
    memcpy(&sk, sec, 32);
    bool ok = crypto::generate_key_derivation(pk, sk, kd);
    if (!ok) return 1;
    memcpy(derivation, &kd, 32);
    return 0;
}

int cn_derive_public_key(const uint8_t derivation[32], uint64_t index,
                         const uint8_t base[32], uint8_t derived[32]) {
    crypto::key_derivation kd;
    crypto::public_key base_pk, derived_pk;
    memcpy(&kd, derivation, 32);
    memcpy(&base_pk, base, 32);
    bool ok = crypto::derive_public_key(kd, index, base_pk, derived_pk);
    if (!ok) return 1;
    memcpy(derived, &derived_pk, 32);
    return 0;
}

int cn_derive_secret_key(const uint8_t derivation[32], uint64_t index,
                         const uint8_t base[32], uint8_t derived[32]) {
    crypto::key_derivation kd;
    crypto::secret_key base_sk, derived_sk;
    memcpy(&kd, derivation, 32);
    memcpy(&base_sk, base, 32);
    crypto::derive_secret_key(kd, index, base_sk, derived_sk);
    memcpy(derived, &derived_sk, 32);
    return 0;
}

// ── Key Images ────────────────────────────────────────────

int cn_generate_key_image(const uint8_t pub[32], const uint8_t sec[32],
                          uint8_t image[32]) {
    crypto::public_key pk;
    crypto::secret_key sk;
    crypto::key_image ki;
    memcpy(&pk, pub, 32);
    memcpy(&sk, sec, 32);
    crypto::generate_key_image(pk, sk, ki);
    memcpy(image, &ki, 32);
    return 0;
}

int cn_validate_key_image(const uint8_t image[32]) {
    crypto::key_image ki;
    memcpy(&ki, image, 32);
    return crypto::validate_key_image(ki) ? 0 : 1;
}

// ── Standard Signatures ──────────────────────────────────

int cn_generate_signature(const uint8_t hash[32], const uint8_t pub[32],
                          const uint8_t sec[32], uint8_t sig[64]) {
    crypto::hash h;
    crypto::public_key pk;
    crypto::secret_key sk;
    crypto::signature s;
    memcpy(&h, hash, 32);
    memcpy(&pk, pub, 32);
    memcpy(&sk, sec, 32);
    crypto::generate_signature(h, pk, sk, s);
    memcpy(sig, &s, 64);
    return 0;
}

int cn_check_signature(const uint8_t hash[32], const uint8_t pub[32],
                       const uint8_t sig[64]) {
    crypto::hash h;
    crypto::public_key pk;
    crypto::signature s;
    memcpy(&h, hash, 32);
    memcpy(&pk, pub, 32);
    memcpy(&s, sig, 64);
    return crypto::check_signature(h, pk, s) ? 0 : 1;
}

// ── Ring Signatures (NLSAG) ─────────────────────────────

int cn_generate_ring_signature(const uint8_t hash[32], const uint8_t image[32],
                               const uint8_t *pubs, size_t pubs_count,
                               const uint8_t sec[32], size_t sec_index,
                               uint8_t *sigs) {
    crypto::hash h;
    crypto::key_image ki;
    crypto::secret_key sk;
    memcpy(&h, hash, 32);
    memcpy(&ki, image, 32);
    memcpy(&sk, sec, 32);

    // Reconstruct pointer array from flat buffer.
    std::vector<const crypto::public_key*> pk_ptrs(pubs_count);
    std::vector<crypto::public_key> pk_storage(pubs_count);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < pubs_count; i++) {
        memcpy(&pk_storage[i], pubs + i * 32, 32);
        pk_ptrs[i] = &pk_storage[i];
    }

    std::vector<crypto::signature> sig_vec(pubs_count);
    crypto::generate_ring_signature(h, ki, pk_ptrs.data(), pubs_count,
                                    sk, sec_index, sig_vec.data());
    memcpy(sigs, sig_vec.data(), pubs_count * 64);
    return 0;
}

int cn_check_ring_signature(const uint8_t hash[32], const uint8_t image[32],
                            const uint8_t *pubs, size_t pubs_count,
                            const uint8_t *sigs) {
    crypto::hash h;
    crypto::key_image ki;
    memcpy(&h, hash, 32);
    memcpy(&ki, image, 32);

    std::vector<const crypto::public_key*> pk_ptrs(pubs_count);
    std::vector<crypto::public_key> pk_storage(pubs_count);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < pubs_count; i++) {
        memcpy(&pk_storage[i], pubs + i * 32, 32);
        pk_ptrs[i] = &pk_storage[i];
    }

    auto* sig_ptr = reinterpret_cast<const crypto::signature*>(sigs);
    return crypto::check_ring_signature(h, ki, pk_ptrs.data(), pubs_count, sig_ptr) ? 0 : 1;
}

// ── Point Helpers ────────────────────────────────────────

int cn_point_mul8(const uint8_t pk[32], uint8_t result[32]) {
    crypto::public_key src;
    memcpy(&src, pk, 32);
    crypto::point_t pt(src);
    pt.modify_mul8();
    crypto::public_key dst;
    pt.to_public_key(dst);
    memcpy(result, &dst, 32);
    return 0;
}

int cn_point_div8(const uint8_t pk[32], uint8_t result[32]) {
    crypto::public_key src;
    memcpy(&src, pk, 32);
    crypto::point_t pt(src);
    crypto::point_t div8 = crypto::c_scalar_1div8 * pt;
    crypto::public_key dst;
    div8.to_public_key(dst);
    memcpy(result, &dst, 32);
    return 0;
}

int cn_point_sub(const uint8_t a[32], const uint8_t b[32], uint8_t result[32]) {
    crypto::public_key pa, pb;
    memcpy(&pa, a, 32);
    memcpy(&pb, b, 32);
    crypto::point_t pta(pa);
    crypto::point_t ptb(pb);
    crypto::point_t diff = pta - ptb;
    crypto::public_key dst;
    diff.to_public_key(dst);
    memcpy(result, &dst, 32);
    return 0;
}

// ── CLSAG (HF4+) ────────────────────────────────────────

// Signature layout for GG: c(32) | r[N*32] | K1(32)
size_t cn_clsag_gg_sig_size(size_t ring_size) {
    return 32 + ring_size * 32 + 32;
}

int cn_clsag_gg_generate(const uint8_t hash[32], const uint8_t *ring,
                          size_t ring_size, const uint8_t pseudo_out[32],
                          const uint8_t ki[32], const uint8_t secret_x[32],
                          const uint8_t secret_f[32], size_t secret_index,
                          uint8_t *sig) {
    crypto::hash h;
    memcpy(&h, hash, 32);

    // Build ring from flat buffer: [stealth(32) | commitment(32)] per entry.
    std::vector<crypto::public_key> stealth_keys(ring_size);
    std::vector<crypto::public_key> commitments(ring_size);
    std::vector<crypto::CLSAG_GG_input_ref_t> ring_refs;
    ring_refs.reserve(ring_size);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < ring_size; i++) {
        memcpy(&stealth_keys[i], ring + i * 64, 32);
        memcpy(&commitments[i], ring + i * 64 + 32, 32);
        ring_refs.emplace_back(stealth_keys[i], commitments[i]);
    }

    // pseudo_out for generation is point_t (not premultiplied by 1/8).
    crypto::public_key po_pk;
    memcpy(&po_pk, pseudo_out, 32);
    crypto::point_t po_pt(po_pk);

    crypto::key_image key_img;
    memcpy(&key_img, ki, 32);

    crypto::scalar_t sx, sf;
    memcpy(sx.m_s, secret_x, 32);
    memcpy(sf.m_s, secret_f, 32);

    crypto::CLSAG_GG_signature clsag_sig;
    bool ok = crypto::generate_CLSAG_GG(h, ring_refs, po_pt, key_img,
                                         sx, sf, secret_index, clsag_sig);
    if (!ok) return 1;

    // Serialise: c(32) | r[N*32] | K1(32)
    uint8_t *p = sig;
    memcpy(p, clsag_sig.c.m_s, 32); p += 32;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < ring_size; i++) {
        memcpy(p, clsag_sig.r[i].m_s, 32); p += 32;
    }
    memcpy(p, &clsag_sig.K1, 32);
    return 0;
}

int cn_clsag_gg_verify(const uint8_t hash[32], const uint8_t *ring,
                        size_t ring_size, const uint8_t pseudo_out[32],
                        const uint8_t ki[32], const uint8_t *sig) {
    crypto::hash h;
    memcpy(&h, hash, 32);

    std::vector<crypto::public_key> stealth_keys(ring_size);
    std::vector<crypto::public_key> commitments(ring_size);
    std::vector<crypto::CLSAG_GG_input_ref_t> ring_refs;
    ring_refs.reserve(ring_size);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < ring_size; i++) {
        memcpy(&stealth_keys[i], ring + i * 64, 32);
        memcpy(&commitments[i], ring + i * 64 + 32, 32);
        ring_refs.emplace_back(stealth_keys[i], commitments[i]);
    }

    // pseudo_out for verification is public_key (premultiplied by 1/8).
    crypto::public_key po_pk;
    memcpy(&po_pk, pseudo_out, 32);

    crypto::key_image key_img;
    memcpy(&key_img, ki, 32);

    // Deserialise: c(32) | r[N*32] | K1(32)
    crypto::CLSAG_GG_signature clsag_sig;
    const uint8_t *p = sig;
    memcpy(clsag_sig.c.m_s, p, 32); p += 32;
    clsag_sig.r.resize(ring_size);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < ring_size; i++) {
        memcpy(clsag_sig.r[i].m_s, p, 32); p += 32;
    }
    memcpy(&clsag_sig.K1, p, 32);

    return crypto::verify_CLSAG_GG(h, ring_refs, po_pk, key_img, clsag_sig) ? 0 : 1;
}

// Signature layout for GGX: c(32) | r_g[N*32] | r_x[N*32] | K1(32) | K2(32)
size_t cn_clsag_ggx_sig_size(size_t ring_size) {
    return 32 + ring_size * 64 + 64;
}

int cn_clsag_ggx_verify(const uint8_t hash[32], const uint8_t *ring,
                         size_t ring_size, const uint8_t pseudo_out_commitment[32],
                         const uint8_t pseudo_out_asset_id[32],
                         const uint8_t ki[32], const uint8_t *sig) {
    crypto::hash h;
    memcpy(&h, hash, 32);

    // Ring entries: [stealth(32) | commitment(32) | blinded_asset_id(32)] per entry.
    std::vector<crypto::public_key> stealth_keys(ring_size);
    std::vector<crypto::public_key> commitments(ring_size);
    std::vector<crypto::public_key> asset_ids(ring_size);
    std::vector<crypto::CLSAG_GGX_input_ref_t> ring_refs;
    ring_refs.reserve(ring_size);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < ring_size; i++) {
        memcpy(&stealth_keys[i], ring + i * 96, 32);
        memcpy(&commitments[i], ring + i * 96 + 32, 32);
        memcpy(&asset_ids[i], ring + i * 96 + 64, 32);
        ring_refs.emplace_back(stealth_keys[i], commitments[i], asset_ids[i]);
    }

    crypto::public_key po_commitment, po_asset_id;
    memcpy(&po_commitment, pseudo_out_commitment, 32);
    memcpy(&po_asset_id, pseudo_out_asset_id, 32);

    crypto::key_image key_img;
    memcpy(&key_img, ki, 32);

    // Deserialise: c(32) | r_g[N*32] | r_x[N*32] | K1(32) | K2(32)
    crypto::CLSAG_GGX_signature clsag_sig;
    const uint8_t *p = sig;
    memcpy(clsag_sig.c.m_s, p, 32); p += 32;
    clsag_sig.r_g.resize(ring_size);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < ring_size; i++) {
        memcpy(clsag_sig.r_g[i].m_s, p, 32); p += 32;
    }
    clsag_sig.r_x.resize(ring_size);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < ring_size; i++) {
        memcpy(clsag_sig.r_x[i].m_s, p, 32); p += 32;
    }
    memcpy(&clsag_sig.K1, p, 32); p += 32;
    memcpy(&clsag_sig.K2, p, 32);

    return crypto::verify_CLSAG_GGX(h, ring_refs, po_commitment, po_asset_id, key_img, clsag_sig) ? 0 : 1;
}

// Signature layout for GGXXG: c(32) | r_g[N*32] | r_x[N*32] | K1(32) | K2(32) | K3(32) | K4(32)
size_t cn_clsag_ggxxg_sig_size(size_t ring_size) {
    return 32 + ring_size * 64 + 128;
}

int cn_clsag_ggxxg_verify(const uint8_t hash[32], const uint8_t *ring,
                           size_t ring_size, const uint8_t pseudo_out_commitment[32],
                           const uint8_t pseudo_out_asset_id[32],
                           const uint8_t extended_commitment[32],
                           const uint8_t ki[32], const uint8_t *sig) {
    crypto::hash h;
    memcpy(&h, hash, 32);

    // Ring entries: [stealth(32) | commitment(32) | blinded_asset_id(32) | concealing(32)] per entry.
    std::vector<crypto::public_key> stealth_keys(ring_size);
    std::vector<crypto::public_key> commitments(ring_size);
    std::vector<crypto::public_key> asset_ids(ring_size);
    std::vector<crypto::public_key> concealing_pts(ring_size);
    std::vector<crypto::CLSAG_GGXXG_input_ref_t> ring_refs;
    ring_refs.reserve(ring_size);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < ring_size; i++) {
        memcpy(&stealth_keys[i], ring + i * 128, 32);
        memcpy(&commitments[i], ring + i * 128 + 32, 32);
        memcpy(&asset_ids[i], ring + i * 128 + 64, 32);
        memcpy(&concealing_pts[i], ring + i * 128 + 96, 32);
        ring_refs.emplace_back(stealth_keys[i], commitments[i], asset_ids[i], concealing_pts[i]);
    }

    crypto::public_key po_commitment, po_asset_id, ext_commitment;
    memcpy(&po_commitment, pseudo_out_commitment, 32);
    memcpy(&po_asset_id, pseudo_out_asset_id, 32);
    memcpy(&ext_commitment, extended_commitment, 32);

    crypto::key_image key_img;
    memcpy(&key_img, ki, 32);

    // Deserialise: c(32) | r_g[N*32] | r_x[N*32] | K1(32) | K2(32) | K3(32) | K4(32)
    crypto::CLSAG_GGXXG_signature clsag_sig;
    const uint8_t *p = sig;
    memcpy(clsag_sig.c.m_s, p, 32); p += 32;
    clsag_sig.r_g.resize(ring_size);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < ring_size; i++) {
        memcpy(clsag_sig.r_g[i].m_s, p, 32); p += 32;
    }
    clsag_sig.r_x.resize(ring_size);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < ring_size; i++) {
        memcpy(clsag_sig.r_x[i].m_s, p, 32); p += 32;
    }
    memcpy(&clsag_sig.K1, p, 32); p += 32;
    memcpy(&clsag_sig.K2, p, 32); p += 32;
    memcpy(&clsag_sig.K3, p, 32); p += 32;
    memcpy(&clsag_sig.K4, p, 32);

    return crypto::verify_CLSAG_GGXXG(h, ring_refs, po_commitment, po_asset_id, ext_commitment, key_img, clsag_sig) ? 0 : 1;
}

// ── Range Proofs (BPP — Bulletproofs++) ──────────────────
// Used for zc_outs_range_proof in post-HF4 transactions.
// Trait: bpp_crypto_trait_ZC_out (generators UGX, N=64, values_max=32).
// Commitments are amount_commitments_for_rp_aggregation (E'_j, premultiplied by 1/8).

int cn_bpp_verify(const uint8_t *proof, size_t proof_len,
                  const uint8_t *commitments, size_t num_commitments) {
    if (proof == nullptr || proof_len == 0 || commitments == nullptr || num_commitments == 0)
        return 1;

    try {
        crypto::bpp_signature sig;
        if (!deserialise_bpp(proof, proof_len, sig))
            return 1;

        // Build commitment points (premultiplied by 1/8 on-chain).
        std::vector<crypto::point_t> commit_pts(num_commitments);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < num_commitments; i++) {
            crypto::public_key pk;
            memcpy(&pk, commitments + i * 32, 32);
            commit_pts[i] = crypto::point_t(pk);
        }

        std::vector<crypto::bpp_sig_commit_ref_t> sigs = {
            crypto::bpp_sig_commit_ref_t(sig, commit_pts)
        };

        uint8_t err = 0;
        bool ok = crypto::bpp_verify<crypto::bpp_crypto_trait_ZC_out>(sigs, &err);
        return ok ? 0 : 1;
    } catch (...) {
        return 1;
    }
}

// ── Range Proofs (BPPE — Bulletproofs++ Enhanced) ────────
// Used for Zarcanum PoS E_range_proof.
// Trait: bpp_crypto_trait_Zarcanum (generators HGX, N=128, values_max=16).

int cn_bppe_verify(const uint8_t *proof, size_t proof_len,
                   const uint8_t *commitments, size_t num_commitments) {
    if (proof == nullptr || proof_len == 0 || commitments == nullptr || num_commitments == 0)
        return 1;

    try {
        crypto::bppe_signature sig;
        if (!deserialise_bppe(proof, proof_len, sig))
            return 1;

        // Build commitment points (premultiplied by 1/8 on-chain).
        std::vector<crypto::point_t> commit_pts(num_commitments);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < num_commitments; i++) {
            crypto::public_key pk;
            memcpy(&pk, commitments + i * 32, 32);
            commit_pts[i] = crypto::point_t(pk);
        }

        std::vector<crypto::bppe_sig_commit_ref_t> sigs = {
            crypto::bppe_sig_commit_ref_t(sig, commit_pts)
        };

        uint8_t err = 0;
        bool ok = crypto::bppe_verify<crypto::bpp_crypto_trait_Zarcanum>(sigs, &err);
        return ok ? 0 : 1;
    } catch (...) {
        return 1;
    }
}

// ── BGE One-out-of-Many ─────────────────────────────────

int cn_bge_verify(const uint8_t context[32], const uint8_t *ring,
                  size_t ring_size, const uint8_t *proof, size_t proof_len) {
    if (context == nullptr || ring == nullptr || ring_size == 0 ||
        proof == nullptr || proof_len == 0)
        return 1;

    try {
        crypto::BGE_proof bge;
        if (!deserialise_bge(proof, proof_len, bge))
            return 1;

        crypto::hash ctx_hash;
        memcpy(&ctx_hash, context, 32);

        // Build ring of public key pointers.
        std::vector<crypto::public_key> ring_storage(ring_size);
        std::vector<const crypto::public_key*> ring_ptrs(ring_size);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < ring_size; i++) {
            memcpy(&ring_storage[i], ring + i * 32, 32);
            ring_ptrs[i] = &ring_storage[i];
        }

        uint8_t err = 0;
        bool ok = crypto::verify_BGE_proof(ctx_hash, ring_ptrs, bge, &err);
        return ok ? 0 : 1;
    } catch (...) {
        return 1;
    }
}

int cn_double_schnorr_generate(int a_is_x, const uint8_t hash[32],
                               const uint8_t secret_a[32],
                               const uint8_t secret_b[32],
                               uint8_t *proof, size_t proof_len) {
    if (hash == nullptr || secret_a == nullptr || secret_b == nullptr || proof == nullptr) {
        return 1;
    }
    if (proof_len != 96) {
        return 1;
    }

    try {
        crypto::hash m;
        memcpy(&m, hash, 32);

        crypto::scalar_t sa, sb;
        memcpy(sa.m_s, secret_a, 32);
        memcpy(sb.m_s, secret_b, 32);

        crypto::generic_double_schnorr_sig sig;
        bool ok;
        if (a_is_x != 0) {
            ok = crypto::generate_double_schnorr_sig<crypto::gt_X, crypto::gt_G>(
                m, sa * crypto::c_point_X, sa, sb * crypto::c_point_G, sb, sig);
        } else {
            ok = crypto::generate_double_schnorr_sig<crypto::gt_G, crypto::gt_G>(
                m, sa * crypto::c_point_G, sa, sb * crypto::c_point_G, sb, sig);
        }
        if (!ok) {
            return 1;
        }

        memcpy(proof, sig.c.m_s, 32);
        memcpy(proof + 32, sig.y0.m_s, 32);
        memcpy(proof + 64, sig.y1.m_s, 32);
        return 0;
    } catch (...) {
        return 1;
    }
}

int cn_double_schnorr_verify(int a_is_x, const uint8_t hash[32],
                             const uint8_t a[32], const uint8_t b[32],
                             const uint8_t *proof, size_t proof_len) {
    if (hash == nullptr || a == nullptr || b == nullptr || proof == nullptr) {
        return 1;
    }

    try {
        crypto::hash m;
        memcpy(&m, hash, 32);

        crypto::public_key b_pk;
        memcpy(&b_pk, b, 32);

        crypto::public_key a_pk;
        memcpy(&a_pk, a, 32);
        crypto::point_t a_pt(a_pk);

        crypto::generic_double_schnorr_sig sig;
        if (!deserialise_double_schnorr(proof, proof_len, sig)) {
            return 1;
        }

        if (a_is_x != 0) {
            return crypto::verify_double_schnorr_sig<crypto::gt_X, crypto::gt_G>(m, a_pt, b_pk, sig) ? 0 : 1;
        }
        return crypto::verify_double_schnorr_sig<crypto::gt_G, crypto::gt_G>(m, a_pt, b_pk, sig) ? 0 : 1;
    } catch (...) {
        return 1;
    }
}

// ── Zarcanum PoS ────────────────────────────────────────
// Compatibility wrapper for the historical proof-only API.
int cn_zarcanum_verify(const uint8_t /*hash*/[32], const uint8_t * /*proof*/,
                       size_t /*proof_len*/) {
    return -1;
}

int cn_zarcanum_verify_full(const uint8_t m[32], const uint8_t kernel_hash[32],
                            const uint8_t *ring, size_t ring_size,
                            const uint8_t last_pow_block_id_hashed[32],
                            const uint8_t stake_ki[32],
                            uint64_t pos_difficulty,
                            const uint8_t *proof, size_t proof_len) {
    if (m == nullptr || kernel_hash == nullptr || ring == nullptr ||
        last_pow_block_id_hashed == nullptr || stake_ki == nullptr ||
        proof == nullptr || proof_len == 0 || ring_size == 0) {
        return 1;
    }

    try {
        crypto::hash msg;
        crypto::hash kernel;
        crypto::scalar_t last_pow;
        crypto::key_image key_img;
        memcpy(&msg, m, 32);
        memcpy(&kernel, kernel_hash, 32);
        memcpy(&last_pow, last_pow_block_id_hashed, 32);
        memcpy(&key_img, stake_ki, 32);

        std::vector<crypto::public_key> stealth_keys(ring_size);
        std::vector<crypto::public_key> commitments(ring_size);
        std::vector<crypto::public_key> asset_ids(ring_size);
        std::vector<crypto::public_key> concealing_pts(ring_size);
        std::vector<crypto::CLSAG_GGXXG_input_ref_t> ring_refs;
        ring_refs.reserve(ring_size);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < ring_size; ++i) {
            memcpy(&stealth_keys[i], ring + i * 128, 32);
            memcpy(&commitments[i], ring + i * 128 + 32, 32);
            memcpy(&asset_ids[i], ring + i * 128 + 64, 32);
            memcpy(&concealing_pts[i], ring + i * 128 + 96, 32);
            ring_refs.emplace_back(stealth_keys[i], commitments[i], asset_ids[i], concealing_pts[i]);
        }

        crypto::zarcanum_proof sig;
        if (!deserialise_zarcanum(proof, proof_len, sig)) {
            return 1;
        }

        crypto::mp::uint128_t difficulty(pos_difficulty);
        return crypto::zarcanum_verify_proof(msg, kernel, ring_refs, last_pow,
                                              key_img, difficulty, sig) ? 0 : 1;
    } catch (...) {
        return 1;
    }
}

// ── RandomX PoW Hashing ──────────────────────────────────

int bridge_randomx_hash(const uint8_t* key, size_t key_size,
                        const uint8_t* input, size_t input_size,
                        uint8_t* output) {
    // Static RandomX state — initialised on first call.
    // Thread safety: not thread-safe; Go wrapper must serialise calls.
    static randomx_cache* rx_cache = nullptr;
    static randomx_vm* rx_vm = nullptr;

    if (rx_cache == nullptr) {
        randomx_flags flags = randomx_get_flags();
        // Use light mode (no dataset) for verification.
        flags = (randomx_flags)(flags | RANDOMX_FLAG_DEFAULT);
        rx_cache = randomx_alloc_cache(flags);
        if (rx_cache == nullptr) return -1;
        randomx_init_cache(rx_cache, key, key_size);
        rx_vm = randomx_create_vm(flags, rx_cache, nullptr);
        if (rx_vm == nullptr) {
            randomx_release_cache(rx_cache);
            rx_cache = nullptr;
            return -1;
        }
    }

    randomx_calculate_hash(rx_vm, input, input_size, output);
    return 0;
}

} // extern "C"