diff --git a/consensus/block.go b/consensus/block.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bbf131f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/consensus/block.go
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2026 Lethean (https://lt.hn)
+//
+// Licensed under the European Union Public Licence (EUPL) version 1.2.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2
+
+package consensus
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sort"
+
+	"forge.lthn.ai/core/go-blockchain/config"
+)
+
+// IsPoS returns true if the block flags indicate a Proof-of-Stake block.
+// Bit 0 of the flags byte is the PoS indicator.
+func IsPoS(flags uint8) bool {
+	return flags&1 != 0
+}
+
+// CheckTimestamp validates a block's timestamp against future limits and
+// the median of recent timestamps.
+func CheckTimestamp(blockTimestamp uint64, flags uint8, adjustedTime uint64, recentTimestamps []uint64) error {
+	// Future time limit.
+	limit := config.BlockFutureTimeLimit
+	if IsPoS(flags) {
+		limit = config.PosBlockFutureTimeLimit
+	}
+	if blockTimestamp > adjustedTime+limit {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d > %d + %d", ErrTimestampFuture,
+			blockTimestamp, adjustedTime, limit)
+	}
+
+	// Median check — only when we have enough history.
+	if uint64(len(recentTimestamps)) < config.TimestampCheckWindow {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	median := medianTimestamp(recentTimestamps)
+	if blockTimestamp < median {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d < median %d", ErrTimestampOld,
+			blockTimestamp, median)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// medianTimestamp returns the median of a slice of timestamps.
+func medianTimestamp(timestamps []uint64) uint64 {
+	sorted := make([]uint64, len(timestamps))
+	copy(sorted, timestamps)
+	sort.Slice(sorted, func(i, j int) bool { return sorted[i] < sorted[j] })
+
+	n := len(sorted)
+	if n == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return sorted[n/2]
+}
diff --git a/consensus/block_test.go b/consensus/block_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2eb136a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/consensus/block_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+//go:build !integration
+
+package consensus
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"forge.lthn.ai/core/go-blockchain/config"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestCheckTimestamp_Good(t *testing.T) {
+	now := uint64(time.Now().Unix())
+
+	// PoW block within limits.
+	err := CheckTimestamp(now, 0, now, nil) // flags=0 -> PoW
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// With sufficient history, timestamp above median.
+	timestamps := make([]uint64, config.TimestampCheckWindow)
+	for i := range timestamps {
+		timestamps[i] = now - 100 + uint64(i)
+	}
+	err = CheckTimestamp(now, 0, now, timestamps)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestCheckTimestamp_Bad(t *testing.T) {
+	now := uint64(time.Now().Unix())
+
+	// PoW block too far in future.
+	future := now + config.BlockFutureTimeLimit + 1
+	err := CheckTimestamp(future, 0, now, nil)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrTimestampFuture)
+
+	// PoS block too far in future (tighter limit).
+	posFlags := uint8(1) // bit 0 = PoS
+	posFuture := now + config.PosBlockFutureTimeLimit + 1
+	err = CheckTimestamp(posFuture, posFlags, now, nil)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrTimestampFuture)
+
+	// Timestamp below median of last 60 blocks.
+	timestamps := make([]uint64, config.TimestampCheckWindow)
+	for i := range timestamps {
+		timestamps[i] = now - 60 + uint64(i) // median ~ now - 30
+	}
+	oldTimestamp := now - 100 // well below median
+	err = CheckTimestamp(oldTimestamp, 0, now, timestamps)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrTimestampOld)
+}
+
+func TestCheckTimestamp_Ugly(t *testing.T) {
+	now := uint64(time.Now().Unix())
+
+	// Fewer than 60 timestamps: skip median check.
+	timestamps := make([]uint64, 10)
+	for i := range timestamps {
+		timestamps[i] = now - 100
+	}
+	err := CheckTimestamp(now-200, 0, now, timestamps) // old but under 60 entries
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}